.1. General protection against dismissal (Kündigungsschutz)

While the special protection against dismissal deals with the restrictions to dismissal from which only specific employees benefit (e.g. members of a works council, pregnant women), the general protection against dismissal applies to all employees who fall under the scope of the Act on the Protection against Dismissal (Kündigungsschutzgesetz). Basically, this Act applies to enterprises that employ more than ten employees. The protection against dismissal does not touch the termination of employment for other reasons than dismissal (e.g. contract of consolation, expiry of the agreed period in case of an employment contract of limited duration).

The general protection against dismissal applies only where the employment relationship of the employee involved has already existed for more than six months without interruption in the same enterprise or company at the moment of dismissal. In the course of the first six months (so called “Probezeit” or “test phase”) an ordinary dismissal by the employer is basically possible without need to give a reason. The act on the protection against dismissal applies only to enterprises that regularly employ more than five employees not including the apprentices.

Dismissal is only socially justified if it is caused by reasons that

- lie in the person of the employee or
- lie in the behavior of the employee or
- are urgent operational requirements which hinder the employee’s continued employment in this enterprise.

a) Dismissals founded on the person

Reason which lie in the person of the employee and which may socially justify dismissal are objectively existing ones, for which the employee need not to be held responsible. Most frequently sickness of the employee is the cause for dismissals founded on the person. Great demands are to be made on the social justification of a dismissal on the grounds of sickness. The Federal Labor Court declared dismissals due to sickness compatible with the Act on the Protection against Dismissal only in two cases. So far as it is clear at the moment of dismissal that the sickness will not be curable in the foreseeable future and if this entails unreasonable consequences for the employer (permanent sickness) or as it is a sickness with a risk of frequent new phases of sickness, i.e. if the employee was extremely frequently absent from work in the past and it can be assumed that his state of health will not improve in the future so that the employer has to reckon with the employee’s frequent absence due to sickness. In this case, too, a further prerequisite is that the former and future periods of sickness entail an unreasonable operational or economic burden for the employer.

b) Dismissal founded on the person’s behavior

Reasons for dismissal that lie in the person of the employee are above all the violations of contract. A fault of the employee is not always decisive although a fault is as a rule required. Behavior need not be directed against the employer. Also in the case of a quarrel with colleagues a dismissal may be justified.

A clear written warning of the employer in due time is as a rule required before an ordinary dismissal on the grounds of behavior. Where no warning has been pronounced prior to giving notice of dismissal the latter is ineffective, unless there exist particular circumstances due to which a warning could be considered dispensable. Especially in the so-called “sphere of confidence” a dismissal is basically permissible without a prior warning.

The reasons for a dismissal on the grounds of the behavior must be considerable to a certain degree. What is required is a thorough balancing of the interests of the employee and of the employer taking into consideration all circumstances of the individual case (e.g. length of job, situation on the job market, former behavior of the employee). In each individual case the question has to be asked whether the reasons put forward to support the dismissal seem to be equitable and appropriate in a sensible assessment, such as carried out by a calm and corrected unprejudiced employer and taking into consideration the interests of both the employee and the employer.

c) Dismissal on account of operational reasons

In the legal proceedings on the effectiveness of a dismissal on account of operational reasons the court fully reviews all internal and external reasons for dismissal put forward by the employer. The court evaluates whether such reasons really exist and whether they have such a high relevance in the operational sphere that further employment of the dismissed employee no longer required. According to the Federal Labor Court the employer carries the burden of proof that the dismissal due to the abolition of the former job is conditioned by urgent operational requirements without employment of this employee somewhere else within the company being possible or reasonable. When choosing from several employees, each of whom might have been dismissed due to urgent operational reasons the employer has to take into case consideration social reasons. Where the employer has not sufficiently taken into consideration social criteria (e.g. age, number of children etc.) the dismissal is socially unjustified. This means that, although urgent operational reasons exist, the employer may not dismiss this specific employee.

2. Particular protection against dismissal of specific groups of employees

The legislator has provided for protection against dismissal exceeding the general protection against dismissal for a specific group of employees because they require a particular protection. These are

- members of the works council or other functionaries according to the Works Constitution Act,
- persons performing a military service,
- disabled persons,
- pregnant women, mothers and persons in child raising leaf,
- apprentices

Reasons relating to job market policy but also to protect the individual employee there exists a protection against a mass dismissal in companies with more than 20 employees.

3. Dissolution of employment relationship against severance pay

The purpose of the Act on the Protection against Dismissal is in the first place to protect the employee’s job in the case of an ineffective dismissal. However, since the parties are often on bad terms and a sensible cooperation is no longer possible in the cause of legal proceedings concerning the termination of employment the legislator gave the judges the opportunity to terminate the employment relationship by a judgement against severance pay by the employer. If the notice of dismissal given by the employer is ineffective and he requests a dissolution against severance pay and there a facts due to which a further co-operation that serves the business purpose cannot reasonably be expected the court will terminate the contract against severance pay. The amount of the severance pay may be as high as 12 monthly wages. In fact the standards are so high, that it is very rare that a court terminates the contract against a severance pay.

But as the parties are free to terminate the employment relationship against severance pay they can form voluntarily a termination contract at any time. We make the experience that most of the cases are solved by a termination contract. The amounts of the severance pay is due to the risks of the parties in their legal proceedings. As a main rule 1 to 0.5 of a monthly pay is paid for every year of the duration of the employment.

4. Payment of wages in the case of ineffective dismissal

If the Labor Court decided that the employment relationship was not dissolved by the employer’s notice and if it did not dissolve the employment relationship against severance pay the employer has to pay the agreed wage for the period from the moment the employee left the company until he entered again. The employee must not offer the job performance he owes. However, the employer must allow to be credited to his claim for payment of wages the amount he earned or might have earned elsewhere had he not omitted with malicious intention to accept a reasonable work.

Law of the United Kingdom – Overview Wikipedia (Link)

The General Council of the Bar

The Law Society of England and Wales

Faculty of Advocates

The Law Society of Scotland

General Council of the Bar of Northern Ireland

Law Society of Northern Ireland

1) The most popular is the “Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung”, in short “GmbH” (private limited company): A private limited company may be established by a single shareholder. A minimum capital of 25,000 Euros is required. The establishing of the company must be notarised. The company is officially registered a few weeks after notarisation andmay then start its business activities. Details on formation of a GmbH here

2) The suitable legal form for bigger enterprises is the “Aktiengesellschaft”, in short “AG” (public limited company; corporation) which requires a minimum capital of 50,000 Euros.

3) Finally there is the “Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung & Co. KG” (private limited company with a limited partner), which is a combination of two legal forms which is chosen mainly for tax reasons.

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Here is an overview of legal business forms in Germany: PDF Download

For general information on investment in Germany: Investment Guide to Germany

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